內蒙古呼和浩特

   呼(hu)和(he)浩特，蒙(meng)古語意為“青(qing)色的(de)(de)城(cheng)”，亦(yi)稱“青(qing)城(cheng)”。呼(hu)和(he)浩特市(shi)是(shi)內蒙(meng)古自治(zhi)區(qu)的(de)(de)首府，是(shi)全(quan)區(qu)政治(zhi)、經濟、文化中心(xin)，位于內蒙(meng)古中南部的(de)(de)土默特平原上，南臨滾(gun)滾(gun)奔流的(de)(de)黃河(he)、北靠連綿起(qi)伏(fu)的(de)(de)陰(yin)山。呼(hu)和(he)浩特市(shi)轄(xia)玉泉(quan)區(qu)、新城(cheng)區(qu)、回(hui)民(min)區(qu)、賽罕區(qu)、土默特左旗(qi)、托克托縣(xian)、清(qing)水河(he)縣(xian)、和(he)林格爾縣(xian)和(he)武川縣(xian)等(deng)9個旗(qi)、縣(xian)、區(qu)。全(quan)市(shi)總(zong)面(mian)積17146平方公(gong)里(li)，市(shi)區(qu)面(mian)積77.9平方公(gong)里(li)。總(zong)人口243萬(wan)，其中市(shi)區(qu)人口123萬(wan)，居住著(zhu)蒙(meng)、漢(han)、回(hui)、滿、達翰爾、朝鮮等(deng)37個民(min)族(zu)。

   呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)是座(zuo)具(ju)有悠(you)久(jiu)歷史(shi)的塞外(wai)古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)。公(gong)元(yuan)前(qian)306年(nian)(nian)(nian)，趙武靈王(wang)在(zai)(zai)陰山下筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并設(she)(she)云中(zhong)郡；郡治故(gu)址(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)潔特(te)市(shi)(shi)西(xi)(xi)南(nan)(nan)托(tuo)(tuo)克托(tuo)(tuo)縣(xian)(xian)的古(gu)(gu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)公(gong)社所在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)。西(xi)(xi)漢武帝時(shi)(shi)(shi)，在(zai)(zai)河套地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)興建(jian)(jian)(jian)了(le)一(yi)批軍(jun)市(shi)(shi)。今(jin)(jin)呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)東(dong)(dong)郊的塔(ta)布托(tuo)(tuo)村就(jiu)留有西(xi)(xi)漢時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)的土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)遺址(zhi)(zhi)。土(tu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)外(wai)兩重，外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)周邊3公(gong)里，是座(zuo)長方形土(tu)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)小城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，為(wei)(wei)當時(shi)(shi)(shi)的民居及兵(bing)營所在(zai)(zai)地(di)(di)(di)；內(nei)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)為(wei)(wei)官(guan)署駐(zhu)地(di)(di)(di)。魏(wei)晉(jin)南(nan)(nan)北(bei)朝(chao)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)，鮮(xian)卑族拓拔部在(zai)(zai)北(bei)方興起，它的早期(qi)(qi)都(dou)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)“盛樂”即在(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)待南(nan)(nan)面６０公(gong)里的林格爾縣(xian)(xian)境(jing)。隋唐(tang)時(shi)(shi)(shi)期(qi)(qi)，呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)一(yi)帶是突厥(jue)人(ren)的活動范圍。唐(tang)太宗貞觀年(nian)(nian)(nian)間(jian)，唐(tang)軍(jun)于云中(zhong)大敗突厥(jue)于白道(今(jin)(jin)名(ming)(ming)蜈蚣壩，在(zai)(zai)呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)市(shi)(shi)北(bei))。唐(tang)中(zhong)宗景龍二(er)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(708)，唐(tang)王(wang)朝(chao)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)周圍地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)設(she)(she)立了(le)東(dong)(dong)、中(zhong)、西(xi)(xi)３個(ge)“受降城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。公(gong)元(yuan)10世紀初，契(qi)丹人(ren)建(jian)(jian)(jian)立了(le)遼(liao)國，在(zai)(zai)此設(she)(she)天德軍(jun)及豐(feng)州。豐(feng)州故(gu)址(zhi)(zhi)在(zai)(zai)今(jin)(jin)呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)東(dong)(dong)南(nan)(nan)約20公(gong)里的白塔(ta)村附近(jin)。明(ming)隆慶六年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1572)，蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)土(tu)默持部領主阿(a)勒(le)坦(tan)汗(han)來豐(feng)州一(yi)帶駐(zhu)牧，不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)統一(yi)了(le)蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)各地(di)(di)(di)和(he)(he)漠南(nan)(nan)地(di)(di)(di)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)。萬歷九(jiu)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1581)，阿(a)勒(le)坦(tan)汗(han)和(he)(he)他的妻子(zi)三(san)娘(niang)子(zi)在(zai)(zai)這(zhe)里正式(shi)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)墻用青(qing)磚砌(qi)成，遠望(wang)一(yi)片青(qing)色，“青(qing)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”之名(ming)(ming)由此而來。明(ming)王(wang)朝(chao)賜名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“歸化(hua)”。此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)成后(hou)(hou)不(bu)(bu)(bu)久(jiu)，阿(a)勒(le)坦(tan)汗(han)便(bian)去世，其妻三(san)娘(niang)子(zi)成為(wei)(wei)這(zhe)座(zuo)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)(shi)的主宰。三(san)娘(niang)子(zi)力主與明(ming)王(wang)朝(chao)和(he)(he)睦相處，以致蒙(meng)(meng)漢兩族不(bu)(bu)(bu)用兵(bing)革(ge)達30年(nian)(nian)(nian)之久(jiu)。長城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)沿(yan)線的人(ren)們為(wei)(wei)紀念這(zhe)位草原(yuan)女杰，將(jiang)此城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)稱作(zuo)“三(san)娘(niang)子(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。清(qing)(qing)初，三(san)娘(niang)子(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)被清(qing)(qing)軍(jun)焚(fen)毀。康熙三(san)十三(san)年(nian)(nian)(nian)(1694)，灣王(wang)朝(chao)為(wei)(wei)徹底打敗新疆境(jing)內(nei)之蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)準噶爾部隊，在(zai)(zai)原(yuan)三(san)娘(niang)子(zi)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)外(wai)增(zeng)筑(zhu)(zhu)(zhu)了(le)一(yi)道外(wai)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，對準噶爾部戰(zhan)爭勝利后(hou)(hou)，距(ju)舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)2.5公(gong)里處又增(zeng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)一(yi)駐(zhu)防城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)即新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)，并命名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“綏(sui)(sui)遠城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)”。清(qing)(qing)朝(chao)末年(nian)(nian)(nian)，將(jiang)舊城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（歸化(hua)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）和(he)(he)新城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)（綏(sui)(sui)遠城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)）合(he)并，稱“歸綏(sui)(sui)”。1928年(nian)(nian)(nian)，綏(sui)(sui)遠建(jian)(jian)(jian)省(sheng)，將(jiang)歸綏(sui)(sui)縣(xian)(xian)城(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)設(she)(she)為(wei)(wei)歸綏(sui)(sui)市(shi)(shi)，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)省(sheng)會(hui)。日寇占領期(qi)(qi)間(jian)，曾改稱為(wei)(wei)“厚和(he)(he)特(te)別(bie)市(shi)(shi)”。1954年(nian)(nian)(nian)，撤消綏(sui)(sui)遠省(sheng)建(jian)(jian)(jian)制，組建(jian)(jian)(jian)內(nei)蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)自(zi)治區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)，并將(jiang)“歸綏(sui)(sui)”更名(ming)(ming)為(wei)(wei)“呼(hu)(hu)和(he)(he)浩(hao)(hao)特(te)”，作(zuo)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)蒙(meng)(meng)古(gu)(gu)自(zi)治區(qu)(qu)(qu)(qu)首府。

   呼和(he)浩特市(shi)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)方(fang)便，有京包鐵(tie)路(lu)(lu)(lu)和(he)110國道通(tong)過市(shi)區，距北京僅有669公里(li)，京包高速(su)公路(lu)(lu)(lu)大(da)(da)(da)大(da)(da)(da)縮短(duan)了(le)兩地(di)間(jian)(jian)的(de)交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)時(shi)間(jian)(jian)。呼和(he)浩特機場(chang)為(wei)(wei)4D級民航機場(chang)，與北京、廣州(zhou)、長沙、西安、太原、石家莊以及(ji)自治區內的(de)錫林浩特、赤峰、海(hai)拉(la)爾等地(di)有定期航班，交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)條(tiao)件十(shi)分便利(li)。呼和(he)浩特市(shi)容(rong)整潔，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)綠(lv)(lv)化良(liang)好，市(shi)內建造了(le)"青城(cheng)(cheng)"、"滿都(dou)海(hai)"兩處(chu)大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)公園和(he)多(duo)處(chu)街心(xin)供參考(kao)公園。市(shi)內有民族商場(chang)、天元商廈(sha)、百勝購物中心(xin)、北京華聯商廈(sha)、維多(duo)利(li)商廈(sha)等大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)購物商場(chang)和(he)義烏、祥和(he)、通(tong)達等大(da)(da)(da)型(xing)批(pi)發市(shi)場(chang)。近(jin)年來(lai)，城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)基礎設施得到(dao)明顯(xian)改善，各(ge)主要交(jiao)(jiao)通(tong)干道（機場(chang)路(lu)(lu)(lu)、東風路(lu)(lu)(lu)、海(hai)拉(la)爾路(lu)(lu)(lu)、中山路(lu)(lu)(lu)等）已重(zhong)新(xin)擴路(lu)(lu)(lu)，修繕和(he)綠(lv)(lv)化新(xin)華廣場(chang)、街心(xin)花園，正在實(shi)現"現代(dai)化首府城(cheng)(cheng)市(shi)"的(de)建設目(mu)標。不(bu)論哪個季節，鱗(lin)次櫛比的(de)高樓大(da)(da)(da)廈(sha)，都(dou)掩映(ying)在飛(fei)紅流(liu)翠之中，使呼和(he)浩特成為(wei)(wei)名符其實(shi)的(de)"青色(se)之城(cheng)(cheng)"。

   呼和浩特具有悠久的歷史，為國務院批準的國家歷史文化名城，城區內保存有豐富的珍貴的名勝古跡，如：人類舊石器時代的大窯文化遺址、坐落在大黑河畔的昭君墓、東郊遼代的白塔（即"萬布華嚴經塔"）、公主府、將軍衙署、玉泉井；呼和浩特市又被譽為"召城"，有著豐富的召廟文化，這里有大召寺、五塔寺、席力圖召、烏素圖召等。呼和浩特不僅擁有鑒證歷史的文物古跡，還擁有美麗的自然景觀，哈達門國家森林公園、烏素圖旅游開發區、哈素海旅游度假村、大青山避暑山莊等景區（點）無不是風光秀麗，景色怡人之處。

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